How Does Physical Exercise Affect Academic Performance? The Mediating Role of Non-Cognitive Abilities
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Published
Jul 31, 2021
Abstract
Previous studies have found that good physical exercise can promote academic performance, but the underlying mechanism behind this lacks large-scale empirical data. Based on this, we used the 2020 Jiangsu Province academic quality monitoring data to construct an OLS regression. Then, the non-cognitive abilities variable was built with the NEO-FFI Theory, and the mediation effect diagram was drawn through the Amos22.0 software. The study found that: (i) Physical exercise brought academic improvement to elementary and middle school students. (ii) The influence mechanism of physical exercise was different between elementary school and middle school. Students at the elementary school were directly and indirectly affected. (iii) In non-cognitive specific dimensions, openness played a significant and great mediating role.
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Keywords
Physical Exercise, Non-Cognitive Abilities, Openness, Mediating Effect
Supporting Agencies
This research is the phased result of the “Research on the Relationship between Physical Exercise and Student Development” (No.: KYCX21_1301) of the Jiangsu Province Graduate Research and Practice Innovation Program. This study was supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Superior Discipline Construction Project (PAPD).
References
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Bailey, R., Armour, K., Kirk, D., Jess, M., Pickup, I., Sandford, R., & BERA Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy Special Interest Group. (2009). The educational benefits claimed for physical education and school sport: An academic review. Research Papers in Education, 24(1):1-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520701809817
Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1988). Personality in adulthood: A six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5):853-863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.853
Dong, Y., & Zhu, C. (2020). A study on adolescents’ extracurricular sports on academic performance: Also on the mediating effect of non-cognitive abilities. Journal of Sports Research, 34(6):52-62. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.15877/j.cnki.nsic.20210108.005
Fang, C., & Huang, B. (2021). Can physical exercise promote the cognitive development of adolescents? An Empirical Study Based on the Data of China Education Tracking Survey. Journal of East China Normal University (Educational Sciences), 39(3):84-98. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.03.008
Fang, L. (2020). The effect of physical exercise on adolescents’ cognitive ability and academic performance. China Sport Science, 40(4):35-41. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16469/j.css.202004004
Gabbard, C., & Barton, J. (1979) Effects of physical activity on mathematical computation among young children. Journal of Psychology, 103(3):287-288. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234574145_Effects_of_Physical_Activity_on_Mathematical_Computation_among_Young_Children
Gleason, G.T., & Gleason, G.T. (1958). The relationship between variability in physical growth and academic achievement among third-and fifth-grade children. The Journal of Educational Research, 51(7):521-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1958.10882497
Grieco, L.A., Jowers, E.M., & Bartholomew, J.B. (2009). Physically active academic lessons and time on task: The moderating effect of body mass index. Medical Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(10):1921-1926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a61495
Hinkle, J.S., Tuckman, B.W., & Sampson, J.P. (1993). The psychology physiology and the creativity of middle school aerobic exercises. Elementary School Guidance Counseling, 28(2):133-145. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42869141
Huang, G., & Xie, Y. (2017). The impact of cognitive abilities and non-cognitive abilities on youth labor income returns. Chinese Youth Study, 29(2):56-64+97. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.19633/j.cnki.11-2579/d.2017.02.009
Jiang, Y., Yang, Y., & Xing, S. (2016). A review of research progress on sports promoting children’s academic achievement and its mechanism. Journal of Physical Education, 23(5):86-92. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16237/j.cnki.cn44-1404/g8.20160721.002
Jin, Y. (2001). Imputation adjustment of missing data. Journal of Applied Statistics and Management, 20(6):47-53. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.13860/j.cnki.sltj.2001.06.012
Li, L, & Ji, L. (2016). Research progress on the impact of physical exercise on students’ academic performance. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 39(9):82-90. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.19582/j.cnki.11-3785/g8.2016.09.013
Li, L. (2018). Research on the influence of physical activity on the academic performance of elementary and middle school students in my country and its intermediate variables. Dissertation; Shanghai: East China Normal University. [Chinese] http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/article/cdmd-10269-1018710743.htm
Mahar, M.T., Murphy, S.K., Rowe, D.A., Golden, J., Shields, A.T., & Raedeke, T.D. (2006). Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior. Medical Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(12):2086-2094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000235359.16685.a3
Nie, Y., Yang, A., & Zeng, M. (2011). The relationship between adolescents’ metacognition, Big Five personality and learning adaptation behaviors. Psychological Development and Education, 27(2):151-157. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2011.02.011
Pang, X. (2004). Discussion on related issues in the processing of missing data. Statistics and Information Forum, 11(5):29-32. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-3116.2004.05.007
Pena-Lopez, I. (2016) PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools, [M]. Paris: OECD Publishing:126-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264267510-en
Shen, X. (2014). Exploring the rationality of the study time of Shanghai middle school students based on PISA data. Research in Educational Development, 33(4):9-14. [Chinese] http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SHGJ201404005.htm
Tomporowski, P.D., Lambourne, K., & Okumura, M.S. (2011).Physical activity interventions and children’s mental function: An introduction and overview. Preventive Medicine, 52(S1):3-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.028
Wang, D. (1994). Classification of Big Five Factors in the Research of Personality Traits. Advances in Psychological Science, 12(1):34-41. [Chinese] http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-XLXD401.006.htm
Wang, J., Huang, Z., & Li, H. (2016). A meta-analysis of the influence of physical activity on the learning performance of children and adolescents. Journal of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, 28(6):560-565+571. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.14036/j.cnki.cn11-4513.2016.06.016
Wen, X. (2015). The effect of physical exercise on adolescents’ cognitive ability and academic performance: the history, current situation, and future of research. China Sport Science, 35(3):73-82. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16469/j.css.2015.03.010
Wen, Z., & Ye, B. (2014). Mediating effect analysis: method and model development. Advances in Psychological Science, 22(5):731-745. [Chinese] https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/xlxdt201405001
Wen, Z., Zhang, L., Hou, J., & Liu, H. (2004). Intermediary effect test procedure and its application. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 49(5):614-620. [Chinese] http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-XLXB200405016.htm
Xu, D. (2017). How colleges can change the fate of underachievers: family poverty, non-cognitive abilities, and initial income. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 37(4):90-118. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.15992/j.cnki.31-1123/c.2017.04.004
Yao, C. (2018). The relationship between physical exercise behavior and academic performance of high school students in Nanjing. Chinese Journal of School Health, 39(6):851-853. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.06.014
Yao, H., & Ye, Z. (2018). Family background, education quality and the formation of students’ abilities: an analysis of a multi-layer linear model based on CEPS. Contemporary Education and Culture, 10(4):70-79. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.13749/j.cnki.cn62-1202/g4.2018.04.012
Yin, H., Chen, A., Ma, Z., Li, X., & Liu, M. (2014). A follow-up study on the impact of two exercise intervention programs on the executive function of elementary school students. China Sport Science, 34(3):24-28+75. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16469/j.css.2014.03.001
Zhang, L., Li, H., & Wang, Z. (2018). A systematic review of the impact of physical activity on the academic ability of children and adolescents. Chinese Journal of School Health, 39(12):1808-1813. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.12.013
Zhang, W., Jiao, Y., Xu, X., & Yan, J. (2016). The effect of physical exercise on academic performance of high school students-the mediating effect of sleep quality. Journal of Physical Education, 23(6):135-140. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16237/j.cnki.cn44-1404/g8.20161010.005
Zhang, Y., Liu, J., & He, X. (2021). The effect of physical exercise on adolescents’ academic performance and its mediation mechanism: An empirical analysis based on the follow-up survey of Chinese education. Journal of Shanghai University of Sport, 45(1):29-39. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16099/j.sus.2021.01.004
Zhou, Z. (2018). The relationship between physical exercise and college students’ academic achievement: the mediating effect of self-esteem. Zhejiang Sports Science, 40(3):84-89+101. [Chinese] http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZJTK201803019.htm
Zou, M., & Tan, D. (2013). A research review of student learning input and output evaluation. Educational Measurement and Evaluation, 6(3):10-14. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16518/j.cnki.emae.2013.03.006
An, Y., Huang, Q., Gu, W., & Fu, H. (2017). The impact of open personality on post-traumatic growth of college students: a moderated mediation effect. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 15(6):815-823. [Chinese] http://www.cnki.com.cn/article/cjfdtotal-clxw201706014.htm
Bailey, R., Armour, K., Kirk, D., Jess, M., Pickup, I., Sandford, R., & BERA Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy Special Interest Group. (2009). The educational benefits claimed for physical education and school sport: An academic review. Research Papers in Education, 24(1):1-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520701809817
Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1988). Personality in adulthood: A six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5):853-863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.853
Dong, Y., & Zhu, C. (2020). A study on adolescents’ extracurricular sports on academic performance: Also on the mediating effect of non-cognitive abilities. Journal of Sports Research, 34(6):52-62. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.15877/j.cnki.nsic.20210108.005
Fang, C., & Huang, B. (2021). Can physical exercise promote the cognitive development of adolescents? An Empirical Study Based on the Data of China Education Tracking Survey. Journal of East China Normal University (Educational Sciences), 39(3):84-98. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2021.03.008
Fang, L. (2020). The effect of physical exercise on adolescents’ cognitive ability and academic performance. China Sport Science, 40(4):35-41. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16469/j.css.202004004
Gabbard, C., & Barton, J. (1979) Effects of physical activity on mathematical computation among young children. Journal of Psychology, 103(3):287-288. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234574145_Effects_of_Physical_Activity_on_Mathematical_Computation_among_Young_Children
Gleason, G.T., & Gleason, G.T. (1958). The relationship between variability in physical growth and academic achievement among third-and fifth-grade children. The Journal of Educational Research, 51(7):521-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1958.10882497
Grieco, L.A., Jowers, E.M., & Bartholomew, J.B. (2009). Physically active academic lessons and time on task: The moderating effect of body mass index. Medical Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(10):1921-1926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a61495
Hinkle, J.S., Tuckman, B.W., & Sampson, J.P. (1993). The psychology physiology and the creativity of middle school aerobic exercises. Elementary School Guidance Counseling, 28(2):133-145. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42869141
Huang, G., & Xie, Y. (2017). The impact of cognitive abilities and non-cognitive abilities on youth labor income returns. Chinese Youth Study, 29(2):56-64+97. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.19633/j.cnki.11-2579/d.2017.02.009
Jiang, Y., Yang, Y., & Xing, S. (2016). A review of research progress on sports promoting children’s academic achievement and its mechanism. Journal of Physical Education, 23(5):86-92. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16237/j.cnki.cn44-1404/g8.20160721.002
Jin, Y. (2001). Imputation adjustment of missing data. Journal of Applied Statistics and Management, 20(6):47-53. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.13860/j.cnki.sltj.2001.06.012
Li, L, & Ji, L. (2016). Research progress on the impact of physical exercise on students’ academic performance. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 39(9):82-90. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.19582/j.cnki.11-3785/g8.2016.09.013
Li, L. (2018). Research on the influence of physical activity on the academic performance of elementary and middle school students in my country and its intermediate variables. Dissertation; Shanghai: East China Normal University. [Chinese] http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/article/cdmd-10269-1018710743.htm
Mahar, M.T., Murphy, S.K., Rowe, D.A., Golden, J., Shields, A.T., & Raedeke, T.D. (2006). Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior. Medical Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(12):2086-2094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000235359.16685.a3
Nie, Y., Yang, A., & Zeng, M. (2011). The relationship between adolescents’ metacognition, Big Five personality and learning adaptation behaviors. Psychological Development and Education, 27(2):151-157. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2011.02.011
Pang, X. (2004). Discussion on related issues in the processing of missing data. Statistics and Information Forum, 11(5):29-32. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-3116.2004.05.007
Pena-Lopez, I. (2016) PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools, [M]. Paris: OECD Publishing:126-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264267510-en
Shen, X. (2014). Exploring the rationality of the study time of Shanghai middle school students based on PISA data. Research in Educational Development, 33(4):9-14. [Chinese] http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SHGJ201404005.htm
Tomporowski, P.D., Lambourne, K., & Okumura, M.S. (2011).Physical activity interventions and children’s mental function: An introduction and overview. Preventive Medicine, 52(S1):3-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.028
Wang, D. (1994). Classification of Big Five Factors in the Research of Personality Traits. Advances in Psychological Science, 12(1):34-41. [Chinese] http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-XLXD401.006.htm
Wang, J., Huang, Z., & Li, H. (2016). A meta-analysis of the influence of physical activity on the learning performance of children and adolescents. Journal of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, 28(6):560-565+571. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.14036/j.cnki.cn11-4513.2016.06.016
Wen, X. (2015). The effect of physical exercise on adolescents’ cognitive ability and academic performance: the history, current situation, and future of research. China Sport Science, 35(3):73-82. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16469/j.css.2015.03.010
Wen, Z., & Ye, B. (2014). Mediating effect analysis: method and model development. Advances in Psychological Science, 22(5):731-745. [Chinese] https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/xlxdt201405001
Wen, Z., Zhang, L., Hou, J., & Liu, H. (2004). Intermediary effect test procedure and its application. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 49(5):614-620. [Chinese] http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-XLXB200405016.htm
Xu, D. (2017). How colleges can change the fate of underachievers: family poverty, non-cognitive abilities, and initial income. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 37(4):90-118. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.15992/j.cnki.31-1123/c.2017.04.004
Yao, C. (2018). The relationship between physical exercise behavior and academic performance of high school students in Nanjing. Chinese Journal of School Health, 39(6):851-853. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.06.014
Yao, H., & Ye, Z. (2018). Family background, education quality and the formation of students’ abilities: an analysis of a multi-layer linear model based on CEPS. Contemporary Education and Culture, 10(4):70-79. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.13749/j.cnki.cn62-1202/g4.2018.04.012
Yin, H., Chen, A., Ma, Z., Li, X., & Liu, M. (2014). A follow-up study on the impact of two exercise intervention programs on the executive function of elementary school students. China Sport Science, 34(3):24-28+75. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16469/j.css.2014.03.001
Zhang, L., Li, H., & Wang, Z. (2018). A systematic review of the impact of physical activity on the academic ability of children and adolescents. Chinese Journal of School Health, 39(12):1808-1813. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.12.013
Zhang, W., Jiao, Y., Xu, X., & Yan, J. (2016). The effect of physical exercise on academic performance of high school students-the mediating effect of sleep quality. Journal of Physical Education, 23(6):135-140. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16237/j.cnki.cn44-1404/g8.20161010.005
Zhang, Y., Liu, J., & He, X. (2021). The effect of physical exercise on adolescents’ academic performance and its mediation mechanism: An empirical analysis based on the follow-up survey of Chinese education. Journal of Shanghai University of Sport, 45(1):29-39. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16099/j.sus.2021.01.004
Zhou, Z. (2018). The relationship between physical exercise and college students’ academic achievement: the mediating effect of self-esteem. Zhejiang Sports Science, 40(3):84-89+101. [Chinese] http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZJTK201803019.htm
Zou, M., & Tan, D. (2013). A research review of student learning input and output evaluation. Educational Measurement and Evaluation, 6(3):10-14. [Chinese] DOI: https://doi.org/10.16518/j.cnki.emae.2013.03.006
How to Cite
Li, W., Yao, J., & Zhou, S. (2021). How Does Physical Exercise Affect Academic Performance? The Mediating Role of Non-Cognitive Abilities . Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 8(2), 1103–1120. https://doi.org/10.15354/bece.21.or046
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